![]() Usually, in silico methods are used alongside in vitro models. The term ‘ in silico’ refers to computational models that investigate pharmacological hypotheses using methods such as databases, data analysis tools, data mining, homology models, machine learning, pharmacophores, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and network analysis tools. In recent years in silico models have become increasingly popular. In vitro models do not account for the complex interactions that occur in vivo and how these interactions may influence the hypothesis being studied. In vivo models present risk to those recruited for the study, or rely on animal models where findings may not apply to humans. However, these methods are not without their limitations. To date, in vitro, and in vivo models have produced the vast majority of data in this area. Over the years, scientists have been able to establish qualitative and semi-quantitative relations between brain activity and the molecular structure of neural tissues. Thanks to carefully designed studies and continuous advancements in the technology available to measure and analyze biological samples and subjects, our knowledge of biological systems continues to grow. Over the last century, scientific research in the field of pharmacology has evolved greatly. In conclusion, many forms of silica exist in nature and compelling data support myriad beneficial effects of silica in water.By Sarah Moore Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc. However, a few rodent studies have been conducted, which indicate a No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) of 50,000 ppm (mg/L) for dietary silica. Very little toxicity data exist regarding aqueous silica consumption due, in part, to the lack of anecdotal reports of toxicity and general presumption of safety. However, deficiency induces deformities in skull and peripheral bones, poorly formed joints, reduced contents of cartilage, collagen, and disruption of mineral balance in the femur and vertebrae. Compelling data suggest that silica is essential for health although no RDI has been established. Orthosilicic acid is the form predominantly absorbed by humans and is found in numerous tissues including bone, tendons, aorta, liver and kidney. There are several water soluble forms of silica referred collectively to as silicic acid (ortho, meta, di, and tri-silicates), which are present in surface and well water in the range of 1-100 mg/L. ![]() When associated with metals or minerals the family of silicates is formed. ![]() Chemically, silica is an oxide of silicon, viz., silicon dioxide, and is generally colorless to white and insoluble in water. Silica has widespread industrial applications including use as a food additive, i.e., anti-caking agent, as a means to clarify beverages, control viscosity, as an anti-foaming agent, dough modifier, and as an excipient in drugs and vitamins. However, multiple forms of silica exist in nature and silicon, a component, is the second most prevalent element after oxygen. There is considerable interest in the effects of silica on human health in contrast to prior research which focused solely on the toxic effects of inhaled crystalline silica. ![]()
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